Finite clauses (IP-MAT
, IP-SUB
)
Any complete finite clause (IP-MAT
, IP-SUB
) must contain at least:
- a finite verb
- a subject
All finite subordinate clauses are labelled as a CP
, and any CP
is labelled for type (see below) and will contain an IP-SUB
.
Ambiguous finite clauses (IP-X
)
For finite clauses introduced by wente which are ambiguous and cannot be labelled as either matrix (IP-MAT
) or subordinate (IP-SUB
), we use a novel label, IP-X
.
This applies to wente-clauses which are unambiguously V2:
( (IP-X-SPE (KON wente) (NP-SBJ (PPER se)) (VVFIN is) (NP-OB2 (PPER dy)) (ADJP-PRD (PTKA so) (ADJD lef)) (CP-DEG (KOUS Dat) (IP-SUB ... ))) )
This also applies to wente-clauses where the verb position is hard to diagnose, since there are only two constituents in the clause:
( (IP-X (KON wente) (NP-SBJ (PPER he)) (VVFIN sprak)) )
Note: wente-clauses which are clearly verb-final are treated as CP-THT/IP-SUB
:
( (IP-MAT ... (CP-THT (KOUS Wente)) (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (DPOSA ere) (NA werck)) (ADJP-PRD (ADJD boze)) (VVFIN sint))) )
See Booth et al. 2020: 773 for more details on the motivation for and use of IP-X.
Infinitival clauses (IP-INF
)
- are headed by a verb in its infinitive form (
VVINF
) - do not necessarily require a subject, though they may have one
Note that not all infinitives (tagged VVINF
) project an IP-INF
.
Constructions where no IP-INF
is projected:
- Modal auxiliaries + inf
(IP-MAT (KON Vnde)
(NP-SBJ (PPER et))
(VMFIN mach) ← modal auxiliary
(ADVP (AVD wal))
(VVINF heten) ← infinitive
)
Constructions where an IP-INF
is projected:
- beginnen + to inf
(IP-MAT (KON Vnde)
(NP-SBJ *con*)
(VVFIN beghinnen)
(IP-INF (PTKZU to)
(VVINF dweelen))
...
)
- laten + inf
(IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PPER He))
(VVFIN leyt)
(IP-INF (VVINF (VVINF buwen)
(KON vnd)
(VVINF betern))
(NP-OB1 (NP (DDARTA den)
(NA tempel))
(CONJP (KON 0)
...)))
)
- menen + to inf
(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PPER he))
(VVFIN mende)
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 (PRF sick))
(PTKZU to)
(VVINF verhoghen))
)
- plegen + to inf
(IP-MAT (PP (APPR ouer)
(NP (CARDA hundert)
(NA iaren)))
(VAFIN plach)
(NP-SBJ (DPIS men))
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 (PPER se))
(APPR to)
(NA done))
)
IP-INF
also applies to inflected infinitives which are tagged not as VVINF
but as a nominal category (NA
). To is not tagged as a particle (PTKZU
) in such cases, but instead as a preposition (APPR
):
(IP-MAT (KON Wante)
(PP (APPR ouer)
(NP (CARDA hundert)
(NA iaren)))
(VAFIN plach)
(NP-SBJ (DPIS men))
(IP-INF (NP-OB1 (PPER se))
(APPR to)
(NA done))
)
Imperative clauses (IP-IMP
)
- are headed by a verb in its imperative form (
VVIMP
) - do not necessarily require a subject, though they may have one
(IP-IMP (NP-OB1 (NA (NA Vader)
(KON vnde)
(NA moder)))
(VVIMP sulle)
(NP-SBJ (PPER ghi))
(VVINF eeren)
)
Clause extended labels
For IPs:
-MAT
: matrix clause-SUB
: subordinate clause-INF
: infinitival clause-IMP
: imperative clause
For CPs:
-REL
: relative clause-FRL
: free relative clause-THT
: that-clause-ADV
: adverbial clause-CMP
: comparative clause-QUE
: interrogative clause-DEG
: degree clause
Additional functional extended labels which an IP
or CP
may have (added in this order where there are multiple functional labels):
-PRN
: parenthetical-LFD
: left-dislocated-SPE
: direct speech-n
: an index