Syntactic annotation – special structures by word

alene

As a focus particle, alene is just tagged as an ordinary ADJV which projects an ADVP which in turn modifies a noun:

(NP (DDARTA dat)
    (NA gelt)
    (ADVP (ADJV alene))
)

(al)sō

The word (al)sō is assigned one of a variety of POS-tags, in accordance with the following guidelines:

  • AVKO (‘conjunctional adverb’) when it appears at clause-level, in which case it projects an ADVP:
(IP-MAT (ADVP (AVKO Also))          ← tagged AVKO, projects ADVP
              (VAFIN leth)
              (NP-SBJ (PPER he))
              (VVINF beropen)
              ...
)

 

  • PTKA (‘pre-adjectival/adverbial particle’) when it modifies an adjective or adverb:
(IP-MAT (KON Vnde)
        (NP-SBJ *con*)
        (VVFIN maken)
        (NP-OB1 (DDARTA de)
                (NA memorie))
        (ADJP-SMC (PTKA also)       ← tagged PTKA
                  (ADJD verwoet)    ← modified ADJ
                  (CP-DEG (KOUS Dat)
                          ...))
)

 

  • PTKG (‘generalising particle’) when it modifies a wh-word:
(CP-FRL (WNP-1 (PTKG so)           ← tagged PTKG
               (DPRELS wat))        ← wh-word
        (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                (NP-SBJ (PPER he))
                (VVFIN horet))
)

 

  • KOKOM when it heads a PP containing a term of comparison:
(IP-MAT (KON Vnde)
        (NP-SBJ *con*)
        (VMFIN scal)
        (VVINF dorren)
        (PP (KOKOM also)          ← tagged KOKOM
            (NP (DDARTA de)
                (NA winlode)))
)

(PP (KOKOM also)              ← tagged KOKOM
    (CP-CMP (WADVP-1 0)
            (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                    (NP-SBJ (PPER wy))
                    (ADVP-TMP (AVD vore))
                    (VAFIN hadden)
                    (VVPP ghedan)))
)

 

  • KOUS when it introduces a manner adverbial clause:
(IP-IMP-SPE (VVIMP maket)
            (ADVP (ADJV recht))
            (NP-OB1 (DDARTA den)
                    (NA wech)
                    (NP-POS (DDARTA des)
                            (NA heren)))
            (ADVP (KOUS also)                   ← tagged KOUS
                  (CP-ADV (WADVP-1 0)
                          (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                                  (NP-SBJ (NE ysayas)
                                          (NP-PRN (DDARTA de)
                                                  (NA prophete)
                                  (VVFIN sprak))))))
)

amen

amen is tagged as an interjection (INTJ) and attaches at sentence-level:

(FRAG (PP (APPR in)
          (NP (NP-POS (NA godes))
              (NA namen)))
      (INTJ amen)           ← tagged INTJ
)

bēde

The word bēde is assigned one a variety of POS-tags, according to the following guidelines:

  • DIA/DID/DIN (‘indefinite determiner’) when it functions as a determiner:
(PP (APPR van)
    (NP (DIA beiden)   ← tagged DIA
        (NA saken))
)

(NP-OB1 (PPER vns)
        (DIN beiden)   ← tagged DIN
)

 

  • KON (‘coordinating conjunction’) when it introduces a correlative conjunction structure:
(NP-OB1 (KON beide)           ← tagged KON
        (NP (ADJA hillighe)
            (NA scrift))
        (CONJP (KON vnde)
               (NP (ADJA natuerlike)
                   (NA scrift)))
)

 

dat

The word dat is given one of various treatments in accordance with the following guidelines:

  • DPDS when it is a demonstrative pronoun:
(IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (DPDS dat))        ← tagged DPDS
        (VVFIN is)
        (ADJP-PRD (ADJD openbaer))
)

 

  • DDARTA when it is a determiner:
(NP-OB1 (DDARTA dat)        ← tagged DDARTA
        (ADJA ewighe)
        (NA leuen)
)

 

  • DPRELS when it functions as a relative pronoun:
(NP-OB1 (DDARTA dat)
        (NA selue)
        (CP-REL (WNP-1 (DPRELS dat))    ← tagged DPRELS
                (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                        (PP (APPR in)
                            (NP (DDARTA der)
                                (NA werlde)
                        (VVFIN is)))))
)

 

  • KOUS when it introduces a subordinate clause, with the following distinctions:

– KOUS dat projects a CP-THT if it introduces a that-complement:

(IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PPER He))
        (VMFIN wolde)
        (CP-THT (KOUS dat)                  ← tagged KOUS
                (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PPER wi))
                        ...))
)

– KOUS dat projects a CP-DEG if it introduces a degree complement:

(ADVP (PTKA also)
      (ADJV veren)
      (CP-DEG (KOUS dat)                  ← tagged KOUS
              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PPER se))
                      (PTKNEG nicht)
                      ...))
)

– KOUS dat projects a CP-ADV if it is a purpose or reason clause with the verb in the subjunctive:

(IP-IMP (ADVP (AVD Nu))
        (VVIMP help)
        (NP-OB1 (PPER my))
        (NP-VOC (ADJA leue)
                (NE ihesus))
        ...
        (CP-ADV (KOUS Dat)                  ← tagged KOUS
                (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PPER ic))
                        (ADVP (AVD nv))
                        (VVFIN volghe)
                        (NP-OB1 (DDARTA den)
                                (ADJA rechten)
                                (NA pat))))
)

 

  • In exceptional cases, dat is tagged KON (coordinating conjunction) when it appears at the beginning of a matrix clause:
    (IP-MAT (KON men)
            (KON dat)              ← tagged KON
            (NP-SBJ (PPER he))
            (VVFIN merkede)
            (NP-OB1 (NP (DPOSA ere)
                        (NA yoget))
                    (CONJP (KON vnde)
                           (NP (NA schonheit)
                               (NP-POS (DPOSA eres)
                                       (NA lyues))))
                    (CONJP (KON Unde)
                           (NP (NA grotheyt)))
                    (CONJP (KON vnde)
                           ...))
     )

dewīle

  • When it is a sentential adverb, dewīle is tagged DDARTA+NA and is treated as heading an NP-TMP:
(IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NA Her)
                (NE wolter))
        (VAFIN leth)
        (ADVP (AVKO ock))
        (NP-TMP (DDARTA+NA dewile)) ← tagged DDARTA+NA
        (VVINF maken)
        (NP-OB1 (NP (ADJA guldenne)
                    (NA rynghe))
                ...)
)

 

  • When dewīle introduces a subordinate clause, it is tagged as KOUS and is treated like similar items (e.g. also, do):
(ADVP-TMP (KOUS dewile)        ← tagged KOUS
          (CP-ADV (WADVP-0)
          (IP-SUB (ADVP-TMP *T*-1)
                  (NP-SBJ (PPER se))
                  ...))
)

ēnander

Unlike the reflexive pronoun sik which is consistently tagged PRF (‘reflexive personal pronoun’) in the corpus, ēnander is just tagged PPER (‘irreflexive personal pronoun’).

genōch

  • genōch is tagged as a noun (NA) when it looks nominal and projects an NP:
(NP-OB1 (NP-POS (NA gheldes))
        (NA ghenoch)          ← tagged NA
)
  • Otherwise it is tagged as an adverb (AVD).

 

hen

hen is tagged PTKVZ (‘verbal particle, separable’) and does not project a phrase when it occurs at sentence-level:

(IP-MAT (ADVP (AVD aldus))
        (VVFIN ga)
        (NP-SBJ (PPER ick))
        (PTKVZ hen)         ← tagged PTKVZ
)

item

item has one of two POS-tags according to context:

  • When it prompts subject-verb inversion (V2) it should be tagged as AVKO (‘conjunctional adverb’), in which case it projects an ADVP.
  • When it does not prompt subject-verb inversion it should be tagged as KON (‘conjunction’).

Note: item is not tagged FM (‘foreign material’), despite the fact that it is of Latin origin.

 

lēf

  • In the construction lēf hebben, the word lēf is tagged as PTKVZ (‘verbal particle, separable’):
(IP-MAT-SPE (NP-OB1 (DPDS dusse))
            (VMFIN scholle)
            (NP-SBJ (PPER gy))
            (PTKVZ leff)         ← tagged PTKVZ
            (VVINF hebben)
)

 

  • In other uses, such as with wēsen, it is an adjective (ADJ*):
(IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (DDARTA Dusse)
                (NA rede))
        (VVFIN weren)
        (NP-OB2 (DDARTA den)
                (NA ridderen))
        (ADJP-PRD (ADJD lef))  ← tagged ADJD
)

mehr

When mehr is used in a comparative construction with als, it is treated as follows:

(NP-OB1 (DPIS mehr)
        (PP (KOKOM als)
            (NP (OA twelff)
                (CARDA teen)
                (NA molte)))
)

noch

The word noch is given one of various treatments, as follows:

  • AVD when it is a straightforward sentential adverb, in which case it projects an ADVP:
(IP-MAT ...
        (ADVP (AVD Wol))
        (VVFIN bist)
        (NP-SBJ (PPER u))
        (ADVP (AVD noch))         ← tagged AVD and projects an ADVP
        (PP (APPR in)
            (NP (ADJA bloidender)
                (NA tyd)))
)

 

  • PTKA when it modifies an adjective or adverb, and is sister to the adjective/adverb:
(ADVP (ADVP (PTKA noch)  ← tagged PTKA
            (ADJV meer))
      (AVD allene)
)

 

  • KON when it functions as a coordinating conjunction (the example here also features correlative coordination, see here for more details):
(NP-OB1 (KON noch)        ← tagged KON
        (NP (DDARTA den)
            (NA armen)
        (CONJP (KON noch)       ← tagged KON
               (NP (DDARTA den)
                   (NA riken)))
)

sik

The part of speech tag PRF should only be assigned to the lemma sik:

(IP-MAT (ADVP (AVKO Doch))
        (VAFIN hadde)
        (NP-SBJ (PPER se))
        (NP-OB1 (PRF syck))     ← tagged PRF
        (VVPP vorgenomen)
        (ADVP (AVD duldichliken))
        ...
)

Note: Some (but not all) ReN texts also assign PRF when a pronoun other than sik happens to be coreferential with the subject, but in the CHLG these are tagged as ordinary pronouns (PPER).

swelich

The item swelich is treated as two separate tokens (s- -welich). S- is tagged as PTKG (‘generalising particle’) and -welich is tagged as DWA:

(WNP (PTKG S)
     (DWA welich)
     (NA voget)
)

sülve

The word sülve is generally tagged PTKN:

(NP-SBJ (NA got)
        (PTKN seluen)
)

(PP (APPR By)
    (NP (PPER my)
        (PTKN seluen))
)

 

  • `When tagged as PTKN and occurring at sentence-level, sülve does not project a phrasal category (i.e. is immediately dominated by IP-MAT):
(IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PPER Wi))
        (VMFIN (solden))
        (PTKN seluen)
        (ADVP (ADVP (AVD seer))
              (AVD luttick))
        (VVINF beholden)
)

 

  • When sülve appears with a definite article (DDARTA), it is tagged as ADJ*:
(NP-SBJ (DDARTA dey)
        (ADJA selue)
        (NA richtere)
)

(NP-OB1 (DDARTA deme)
        (ADJS suluen)
)

sunder

The item sunder is treated in one of various ways, as follows:

  • APPR when it is a preposition (‘ohne’, ‘außer’), in which case it projects a PP:
(IP-MAT (PP (ADVP (PAVKO Dar))
            (PAVAP na))
        (VVFIN schededen)
        (NP-SBJ (PPER se))
        (NP-OB1 (PRF syk))
        (PTKNEG nicht)
        (PP (APPR sunder)    ← tagged APPR
            (NP (ADJA grot)
                (NA leyt)))
)

 

  • KON when it functions as a coordinating conjunction (‘sondern’, ‘aber’):
(IP-MAT (KON Sunder)        ← tagged KON
        (NP-SBJ (PPER se))
        (VVFIN bleuen)
        (PP (APPR by)
            (NP (PPER eme)))
        (NP-TMP (DDARTA den)
                (NA dach))
)

vnde

The word vnde is tagged as:

  • KON when it functions as a coordinating conjunction:
(IP-MAT (KON vnde)          ← tagged KON
        (NP-SBJ (DDARTA dat)
                (NA wort))
        (VVFIN was)
        (PP (APPR bi)
            (NP (NA gode)))
)

 

  • AVD when it functions as a sentence adverb with the meaning ‘also’, in which case it projects an ADVP:
(IP-MAT (KON vnd)              ← tagged KON
        (PP (ADVP (PAVD dar))
            (PAVAP na))
        (VVFIN kam)
        (ADVP (AVD vnd))        ← tagged AVD
        (NP-SBJ (NE Jafeth))
)

wane

wane should be tagged as a preposition (APPR) when it introduces a noun phrase. The noun phrase is annotated as the complement of wane:

(PP (APPR wane)
    (NP (CARDA ver)
        (NA scilling))
)

von NP wegen

This construction is a treated as a PP headed by preposition (APPR) von.

  • wegen is tagged as a noun (NA) which heads an NP which is the complement of the PP headed by von

  • The NP preceding wegen is tagged as NP-POS and is a complement of the head noun wegen

(PP (APPR von)
    (NP (NP-POS (DPOSA orer)
                (ADJA eyghen)
                (NA sunde))
        (NA wegen))
)

wente

For finite clauses introduced by wente which are are ambiguous and cannot be labelled as either matrix (IP-MAT) or subordinate (IP-SUB), we use a novel label, IP-X; see here for more details.

weyt (with cardinals)

weyt is tagged as an AVD which projects an ADVP.

  • The ADVP is a sister of the cardinals (CARD*)

  • The cardinals and the ADVP headed by weyt all sit within a NUMP (the label used for complex numbers, see here)

(NP-PRD (NUMP (CARDA seuentich)
              (ADVP (AVD weyt))
              (CARDA seuen))
        (NA weruen)
)